аЯрЁБс>ўџ ўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмЅhWр e;W0‘$†$††("Ј(њ(њ(њ(D)<D)€+€+€++ š+D)~/1А+А+"в+в+в+в+в+в+ - - - -;H- T. `/Џ/X0P~/њ(в+в+в+в+в+~/x,њ(њ(в+А+x,x,x,в+Іњ(в+њ(в+ -pДd^qМ)")"Ф(и("њ(њ(в+ -x,“x, ISO Settlements – Without Equations Presentation to Load Profiling Workshop California Public Utilities Commission June 5, 1997 Daniel Kirshner Environmental Defense Fund Imbalances vs. Unaccounted-for-Energy (UFE). The Load Profiling Workshop does not need to be concerned with imbalances. What we care about is Unaccounted-for-Energy. The ISO believes it knows generation for each unit and total system loads hour by hour. Generators will be paid. How will loads be charged? Imbalances are the easy part. Imbalances are just the difference between what market participants said they were going to do (even just an hour ahead) and what the ISO believes each participant does when the hour finally arrives – generators go down, the weather (and therefore load) changes, etc. The ISO and PX always require participants to submit “balanced schedules” – each participant must have generation scheduled equal to expected loads. Imbalances will exist even if every single customer has a perfectly accurate hourly meter. The ISO will move generators up and down to meet actual loads and compensate for generators which go down, etc. Imbalances will be calculated for each participant and charged on the basis of the “balancing price” (the last unit incremented or decremented) in that hour. But can we tell whether imbalances are real, or due to mismeasurement of loads, etc? By definition, these are different things. If everyone has an hourly meter, then after accounting for imbalances, the ISO will want to calculate the sum of the metered loads in the hour and compare that sum with the system load. Even with universal hourly meters, these are going to be different due to: energy theft distribution and transmission loss deviations metering errors Finally, without universal hourly metering, there is one more contributing factor to differences between the sum of customer loads and system load: profiling errors Taken together, these four differences are called unaccounted-for-energy, or UFE. To summarize: Imbalances are the difference between what market participants said they would do and what the ISO believes each participant actually did, in terms of both generation and loads. Unaccounted-for-Energy (UFE) is the difference between what the ISO believes each participant’s load is – summed over participants – and total system load. We (load profile workshop participants) don’t care about imbalances. If the ISO has a poor estimate of a market participant’s load, then that participant may have zero imbalance (the participant scheduled generation to match that load estimate), but that participant will contribute to Unaccounted-for-Energy. This is what we are concerned with. How the ISO Will Allocate Unaccounted-for-Energy to Loads The ISO proposes to distinguish between the first three components of Unaccounted-for-Energy (theft, loss deviations, and meter errors) and the fourth component (load profiling errors). The first three components will be allocated to all loads. The fourth component will be allocated only to non-hourly metered loads. How can the ISO do this? The ISO will know monthly loads of all customers because it will not calculate final settlements until non-hourly meter data are in – waiting fully 68 days to do this, which gives time for all meters to get read (monthly meters are read on various days of the month) and for the data to get processed. What will the ISO do? Basically, a proposed method is to first allocate monthly Unaccounted-for-Energy to different customers, and then allocate those monthly Unaccounted-for-Energies among hours. Note that over the course of a month there are no load profiling errors. (Load profiles are normalized to metered monthly consumption.) Thus, load profiling errors are kept with load profiling customers. Hourly metered customers end up with only the first three components of Unaccounted-for-Enegy; non-hourly-metered customers get the first three components plus the load profiling errors. The ISO’s Role The ISO’s role remains to be defined. The ISO can step back and say – given its method for assigning load profiling errors to load profiling customers – that the accuracy of load profiles is an issue for load profiling customers to settle among themselves (or with the CPUC’s help). On the other hand, the ISO has an independent interest in keeping Unaccounted-for-Energy as low as possible. Market efficiency will be enhanced if generators can respond to accurately-known or forecasted loads, rather than being unpredictably incremented or decremented. Thus, the ISO has an independent interest in assuring the quality of load profiles used by market participants. The ISO has its hands rather full right now, given that there are currently something less than ten ISO employees, while the staffing plan projects something like 280 by 1/1/98. I can’t predict how the ISO will define its role. Attachments ISO/PX/UDC Settlements - Alex Papalexopoulos (19 pages) Excerpt from 5/30/97 draft of “Joint Comments Supporting Specific Clarifications to the ISO, PX, and TO Tariffs and Transmission Control Agreement” (2 pages) Allocation of the Unaccounted-for-Energy - Alex Papalexopoulos (8 pages)  For those who want to see equations, timelines, etc., I have attached a summary by Alex Papalexopoulos, “ISO/PX/UDC Settlements” dated May 28, 1997.  Differences between loss estimates and actual losses. Transmission losses are assigned to generators via a “generation meter multiplier,” calculated by the ISO using power flow modeling (ISO Tariff, Section 7.4.2). Distribution losses are handled by adjusting end-use meter data via “Distribution System loss factors” (ISO Tariff, Section 10.6.2.2; PX Tariff, Section 5.1.2.2).  See proposed revision to ISO Tariff Section 11.2.8, Joint Comments Supporting Specific Clarification to the ISO, PX and TO Tariffs and Transmission Control Agreement (“Joint Comments”).  See proposed revision to ISO Tariff Section 6.7.1, Joint Comments.  See the proposed methodology outlined in “Allocation of the Unaccounted-for-Energy” (attached) by Alex Papalexopoulos. PAGE  PAGE 3 "™ Єа/Ѕр=І Ї Ј Љ ЊŒЋ)*,‡‰Гт у )*tuШЩer‘’()ІЇbcЇЈ!"()*,-34567:;_ћёяящщщщущщщщщнлнлнлнзнлеuPaP uDP U]ck uDPUuDPU]cU]c)+,T{ˆ‰™ЕЖЗ_`ИЙюяЇ Ј Е ф є ѕ ‰ Š §$P§$P§$P§$P§$P§$P§$P§$ §$ §$ §$ §$ §$ §$ ћ$ ћ$ љ$Pћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$ и$ и$ и$ ћ$ ћ$ ћ$  8˜ў 4џџh."Š › œ ю я ў џ Б В N O Ћ Ќ ­ ч ш +,vwЪЫп$ Т$ Р$ Р$ М$ Р$ ›џ$Bz$"›џ$BР$ Р$ Р$ Р$ x$PР$ Р$ Р$ Р$ Р$ Р$ Р$  h˜ў 4џhЗ h˜ў 4џhЗа 48h. 8˜ў 48h. 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